April 2015
Tips for preventing internal parasites
Margo Hale & Linda Coffey
NCAT-ATTRA
If not controlled, internal parasites can cause illness in animals. Symptoms of parasitism include weight loss, loss of appetite, depression, weakness, lagging behind or separating from the flock, and possibly anemia, bottle jaw, or diarrhea.
Livestock producers want to raise healthy animals, and so they may treat the sick animals with dewormers. But that is a temporary fix at best, because unless there is a management change, animals will soon be reinfected. Also, most dewormers are no longer working because the internal parasites have developed resistance to the chemicals.
A better approach than relying on dewormers is to prevent illness in the first place. A strong immune system will help an animal resist or tolerate parasites; this strong immune system stems from the following:
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Genetics
Some breeds and some individuals are better able to fight parasites.
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Age
Young animals have no immunity; with time and exposure, sheep will build immunity around 4 to 9 months of age.
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Good nutrition
A properly nourished animal will be better able to fight internal parasites. The minerals copper and zinc are important for the immune system, and extra protein also helps animals battle parasites.
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Low stress
Clean, calm environments reduce animals’ stress.
In addition to having a strong immune system, livestock need to be protected from consuming too many internal parasites. This is accomplished through sanitation (clean water tanks and feed troughs) and through pasture management.
Good pasture management can help animals stay healthy in two ways: by reducing exposure to internal parasite larvae and by supporting animal health.
Numerous strategies can reduce exposure:
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Maintain proper forage height; don’t graze shorter than four inches.
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Maintain proper stocking rate.
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Rest contaminated areas for at least 60 days if possible; longer is better.
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Give access to browse and tall-growing forbs.
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Use resistant animals and alternate grazers (cattle and equines can alternate with sheep or goats).
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Provide clean pastures for young and other susceptible stock, such as lactating animals.
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Graze animals on regrowth from silage or hay crops.
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Use annual forage crops, such as rye, turnips, or chicory (cool season) and sunn hemp, cowpeas, sorghum, or soybeans (warm season).
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Rotate animals away from larvae before they are infective, which means within four days during optimum parasite conditions, such as during a humid summer.
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Keep animals out of wet areas.
Several strategies provide support:
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Provide excellent nutrition, especially energy, protein, and minerals, to susceptible classes and during stressful times.
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Allow limited exposure to parasite larvae to maintain immune response.
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Provide diverse forages, such as browse, tannin-containing forages such as sericea lespedeza, and a wide variety of plants to encourage animals to eat more and give some medicinal benefits.
Summary
Three actions help prevent illness:
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Encouraging a strong immune system
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Using good sanitation
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Rotating pastures
Further Resources
See ATTRA’s Tools for Managing Internal Parasites in Small Ruminants: Pasture Management for a full discussion of pasture management and the interaction between animals and internal parasites. This publication includes three assessment sheets: pasture, livestock nutrition, and internal parasite management. These assessment sheets can help producers refine their management and improve the health of pastures and animals. Find this publication and many other related ones at www.attra.ncat.org.
See also www.acsrpc.org to find a collection of resources to help manage internal parasites in sheep and goats.
Langston University has a Web-based training manual at www2.luresext.edu/goats/training/QAtoc.html.
Some chapters are especially noteworthy: